Distancing: Expressions and passive of reporting verbs

Exercises: 1 2 3

Exercise 3

Fill in the gaps with the words provided in the box below.

according – apparently – are said to be – is reported – it seems – might be – ~~missing~~ – seem to be – there are said – to be staying – to have been

John O'Donovan, a 20-year-old man from Folkestone, 1 to have been missing since last Friday. John failed to return from a holiday in Majorca. 2 that he never got on the coach that was scheduled to pick up his group from the Guadalupe Hotel in Magaluf. John's credit cards don't appear 3 used since last Friday night.

4 , that night he went clubbing in Magaluf, and his friends lost track of him during the night. 5 to police sources, John 6 voluntarily missing. 7 to have been serious problems in his relationship with his parents. John is believed 8 with some expats living in Majorca. There 9 local sources leading the investigation in that direction.

The parents, who 10 living a nightmare, have made an emotional plea for information on his whereabouts.

Exercises: 1 2 3

Passive voice with reporting verbs

The passive with reporting verbs – distancing

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In news reports and formal writing, passive forms of reporting verbs (verbs of saying or believing) are common. This resource allows us to give information when we don’t know whether it is true, allowing us to distance ourselves from the information.

Reporting verbs include agree, announce, believe, claim, consider, expect, hope, know, report, say, suggest, think, understand, etc. And we can use their passive form for distancing in two different ways.

It is said that …

It+ passive reporting verb + that-clause (subject + verb)

It is believed that the murderer is no longer in the country.
It has been announced that they are going to cancel the tour.
It has been suggested that the team can’t be trusted defensively.
It was thought that the building could collapse.

They are said to be

Subject + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive

He is thought to be a close associate of the terrorist.
The terrorist is believed to have fled to the mountains.

When we use this pattern, we use the simple infinitive or the continuous infinitive when the reported action is simultaneous to the reporting.

He is said to be an art collector.
They were believed to be secretly in love.
They are thought to be living under strict protection.

We can also use the simple infinitive to refer to the future.

She is expected to become a superstar.

We use the perfect infinitive or the perfect continuous infinitive when the reported action is previous to the reporting (earlier in the past).

She was thought to have left the previous week.
He is claimed to have hit another student.
He is known to have been hiding somewhere in Panama since he escaped.

There are said to be

We can also use the same structure with the pronoun there.

There are said to be new leads on the case.
There is believed to be a new donor who is partially financing the campaign.

Other distancing expressions

Grammar chart for B2 pre-advanced level on distancing expressions, including "seem/appear" and other phrases like "apparently," "allegedly," "according to," and "may/might," with examples.

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Seem/appear

We can also use the verbs seem and appear to distance ourselves from the information we give.

It seems/appears + that-clause

It seems/appears that the new series will begin shooting in about two months.

It would seem/appear + that-clause

It means the same as it seems that, but it is more formal.

It would seem/appear that the situation is finally under control.

Subject + seem/appear + to-infinitive

The new secretary seems/appears to be very concerned about climate. (Simple infinitive)
They seem/appear to be having some difficulties. (Continuous infinitive)
Their leaders seem/appear to have suffered some setbacks. (Perfect infinitive)
The company seems/appears to have been doing very well over the last year (Perfect continuous infinitive)

There seem(s) to be/to have been

There seem to be two options for kids.
There seems to have been a great response on social media.

Apparently, allegedly, according to

There are expressions that we can also use for distancing.

Apparently

Apparently, the new prime minister will not visit Cuba until the end of May.

Allegedly

We use allegedly to give information when something wrong appears to have been done, but there is no proof.

He allegedly took a knife and stabbed the victim in the stomach.

According to

According to witnesses, she abandoned the place well after midnight.

Might/may

We can also use might or may to speculate and say that something is possible but that maybe it isn’t true.

They might have fled the scene, leaving the victim bleeding on the floor.
They may be spending their Christmas holiday together.